Next steps: tools and techniques link

After you understand the basic Angular building blocks, you can learn more about the features and tools that can help you develop and deliver Angular applications.

• Work through the Tour of Heroes tutorial to get a feel for how to fit the basic building blocks together to create a well-designed application.
• Check out the Glossary to understand Angular-specific terms and usage.
• Use the documentation to learn about key features in more depth, according to your stage of development and areas of interest.

Application architecture link

• The Main Concepts section located in the table of contents contains several topics that explain how to connect the application data in your components to your page-display templates, to create a complete interactive application.
• The NgModules guide provides in-depth information on the modular structure of an Angular application.
• The Routing and navigation guide provides in-depth information on how to construct applications that allow a user to navigate to different views within your single-page application.
• The Dependency injection guide provides in-depth information on how to construct an application such that each component class can acquire the services and objects it needs to perform its function.

Responsive programming link

The template syntax and related topics contain details about how to display your component data when and where you want it within a view, and how to collect input from users that you can respond to.

Additional pages and sections describe some basic programming techniques for Angular applications.

• Lifecycle hooks: Tap into key moments in the lifetime of a component, from its creation to its destruction, by implementing the lifecycle hook interfaces.
• Observables and event processing: How to use observables with components and services to publish and subscribe to messages of any type, such as user-interaction events and asynchronous operation results.
• Angular elements: How to package components as custom elements using Web Components, a web standard for defining new HTML elements in a framework-agnostic way.
• Forms: Support complex data entry scenarios with HTML-based input validation.
• Animations: Use Angular's animation library to animate component behavior without deep knowledge of animation techniques or CSS.

Client-server interaction link

Angular provides a framework for single-page applications, where most of the logic and data resides on the client. Most applications still need to access a server using the HttpClient to access and save data. For some platforms and applications, you might also want to use the PWA (Progressive Web App) model to improve the user experience.

• HTTP: Communicate with a server to get data, save data, and invoke server-side actions with an HTTP client.
• Server-side rendering: Angular Universal generates static application pages on the server through server-side rendering (SSR). This allows you to run your Angular application on the server in order to improve performance and show the first page quickly on mobile and low-powered devices, and also facilitate web crawlers.
• Service workers and PWA: Use a service worker to reduce dependency on the network and significantly improve the user experience.
• Web workers: Learn how to run CPU-intensive computations in a background thread.

Support for the development cycle link

• CLI Command Reference: The Angular CLI is a command-line tool that you use to create projects, generate application and library code, and perform a variety of ongoing development tasks such as testing, bundling, and deployment.
• Compilation: Angular provides just-in-time (JIT) compilation for the development environment, and ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation for the production environment.
• Testing platform: Run unit tests on your application parts as they interact with the Angular framework.
• Deployment: Learn techniques for deploying your Angular application to a remote server.
• Security guidelines: Learn about Angular's built-in protections against common web-application vulnerabilities and attacks such as cross-site scripting attacks.
• Internationalization: Make your application available in multiple languages with Angular's internationalization (i18n) tools.
• Accessibility: Make your application accessible to all users.

File structure, configuration, and dependencies link

• Workspace and file structure: Understand the structure of Angular workspace and project folders.
• Building and serving: Learn to define different build and proxy server configurations for your project, such as development, staging, and production.
• npm packages: The Angular Framework, Angular CLI, and components used by Angular applications are packaged as npm packages and distributed using the npm registry. The Angular CLI creates a default package.json file, which specifies a starter set of packages that work well together and jointly support many common application scenarios.
• TypeScript configuration: TypeScript is the primary language for Angular application development.
• Browser support: Make your applications compatible across a wide range of browsers.

Extending Angular link

• Angular libraries: Learn about using and creating re-usable libraries.
• Schematics: Learn about customizing and extending the CLI's generation capabilities.
• CLI builders: Learn about customizing and extending the CLI's ability to apply tools to perform complex tasks, such as building and testing applications.

Introduction to services and dependency injection link

Service is a broad category encompassing any value, function, or feature that an application needs. A service is typically a class with a narrow, well-defined purpose. It should do something specific and do it well.

Angular distinguishes components from services to increase modularity and reusability.

Ideally, a component's job is to enable only the user experience. A component should present properties and methods for data binding to mediate between the view and the application logic. The view is what the template renders and the application logic is what includes the notion of a model .

A component should use services for tasks that don't involve the view or application logic. Services are good for tasks such as fetching data from the server, validating user input, or logging directly to the console. By defining such processing tasks in an injectable service class , you make those tasks available to any component. You can also make your application more adaptable by injecting different providers of the same kind of service, as appropriate in different circumstances.

Angular doesn't enforce these principles. Instead, Angular helps you follow these principles by making it easy to factor your application logic into services. In Angular, dependency injection makes those services available to components.

Service examples link

Here's an example of a service class that logs to the browser console.

      
        content_copy
      
      export class Logger {
  log(msg: any)   { console.log(msg); }
  error(msg: any) { console.error(msg); }
  warn(msg: any)  { console.warn(msg); }
}
    

Services can depend on other services. For example, here's a HeroService that depends on the Logger service, and also uses BackendService to get heroes. That service in turn might depend on the HttpClient service to fetch heroes asynchronously from a server.

      
        content_copy
      
      export class HeroService {
  private heroes: Hero[] = [];

  constructor(
    private backend: BackendService,
    private logger: Logger) { }

  getHeroes() {
    this.backend.getAll(Hero).then( (heroes: Hero[]) => {
      this.logger.log(`Fetched ${heroes.length} heroes.`);
      this.heroes.push(...heroes); // fill cache
    });
    return this.heroes;
  }
}
    

Dependency injection (DI) link

Dependency injection (DI) is the part of the Angular framework that provides components with access to services and other resources. Angular provides the ability for you to inject a service into a component to give that component access to the service.

The @Injectable() decorator defines a class as a service in Angular and allows Angular to inject it into a component as a dependency . Likewise, the @Injectable() decorator indicates that a component, class, pipe, or NgModule has a dependency on a service.

• The injector is the main mechanism. Angular creates an application-wide injector for you during the bootstrap process, and additional injectors as needed. You don't have to create injectors.

• An injector creates dependencies and maintains a container of dependency instances that it reuses, if possible.

• A provider is an object that tells an injector how to obtain or create a dependency

For any dependency that you need in your app, you must register a provider with the application's injector, so that the injector can use the provider to create new instances. For a service, the provider is typically the service class itself.

When Angular creates a new instance of a component class, it determines which services or other dependencies that component needs by looking at the constructor parameter types. For example, the constructor of HeroListComponent needs HeroService .

      
        content_copy
      
      constructor(private service: HeroService) { }
    

When Angular discovers that a component depends on a service, it first checks if the injector has any existing instances of that service. If a requested service instance doesn't yet exist, the injector makes one using the registered provider and adds it to the injector before returning the service to Angular.

When all requested services have been resolved and returned, Angular can call the component's constructor with those services as arguments.

The process of HeroService injection looks something like this.

Providing services link

You must register at least one provider of any service you are going to use. The provider can be part of the service's own metadata, making that service available everywhere, or you can register providers with specific modules or components. You register providers in the metadata of the service (in the @Injectable() decorator), or in the @NgModule() or @Component() metadata

• By default, the Angular CLI command ng generate service registers a provider with the root injector for your service by including provider metadata in the @Injectable() decorator. The tutorial uses this method to register the provider of HeroService class definition.

        
          content_copy
        
        @Injectable({
   providedIn: 'root',
  })
      

  When you provide the service at the root level, Angular creates a single, shared instance of HeroService and injects it into any class that asks for it. Registering the provider in the @Injectable() metadata also allows Angular to optimize an app by removing the service from the compiled application if it isn't used, a process known as tree-shaking .

• When you register a provider with a specific NgModule, the same instance of a service is available to all components in that NgModule. To register at this level, use the providers property of the @NgModule() decorator.

        
          content_copy
        
        @NgModule({
    providers: [
    BackendService,
    Logger
   ],
   …
  })
      

• When you register a provider at the component level, you get a new instance of the service with each new instance of that component. At the component level, register a service provider in the providers property of the @Component() metadata.

  src/app/hero-list.component.ts (component providers)

        
          content_copy
        
        @Component({
    selector:    'app-hero-list',
    templateUrl: './hero-list.component.html',
    providers:  [ HeroService ]
  })
      

For more detailed information, see the Dependency Injection section.

Introduction to Angular concepts link

Angular is a platform and framework for building single-page client applications using HTML and TypeScript. Angular is written in TypeScript. It implements core and optional functionality as a set of TypeScript libraries that you import into your applications.

The architecture of an Angular application relies on certain fundamental concepts. The basic building blocks of the Angular framework are Angular components that are organized into NgModules . NgModules collect related code into functional sets; an Angular application is defined by a set of NgModules. An application always has at least a root module that enables bootstrapping, and typically has many more feature modules .

• Components define views , which are sets of screen elements that Angular can choose among and modify according to your program logic and data
• Components use services , which provide specific functionality not directly related to views. Service providers can be injected into components as dependencies , making your code modular, reusable, and efficient.

Modules, components and services are classes that use decorators . These decorators mark their type and provide metadata that tells Angular how to use them.

• The metadata for a component class associates it with a template that defines a view. A template combines ordinary HTML with Angular directives and binding markup that allow Angular to modify the HTML before rendering it for display.

• The metadata for a service class provides the information Angular needs to make it available to components through dependency injection (DI)

An application's components typically define many views, arranged hierarchically. Angular provides the Router service to help you define navigation paths among views. The router provides sophisticated in-browser navigational capabilities.

Modules link

Angular NgModules differ from and complement JavaScript (ES2015) modules. An NgModule declares a compilation context for a set of components that is dedicated to an application domain, a workflow, or a closely related set of capabilities. An NgModule can associate its components with related code, such as services, to form functional units.

Every Angular application has a root module , conventionally named AppModule , which provides the bootstrap mechanism that launches the application. An application typically contains many functional modules.

Like JavaScript modules, NgModules can import functionality from other NgModules, and allow their own functionality to be exported and used by other NgModules. For example, to use the router service in your app, you import the Router NgModule.

Organizing your code into distinct functional modules helps in managing development of complex applications, and in designing for reusability. In addition, this technique lets you take advantage of lazy-loading —that is, loading modules on demand— to minimize the amount of code that needs to be loaded at startup.

Components link

Every Angular application has at least one component, the root component that connects a component hierarchy with the page document object model (DOM). Each component defines a class that contains application data and logic, and is associated with an HTML template that defines a view to be displayed in a target environment.

The @Component() decorator identifies the class immediately below it as a component, and provides the template and related component-specific metadata.

Templates, directives, and data binding link

A template combines HTML with Angular markup that can modify HTML elements before they are displayed. Template directives provide program logic, and binding markup connects your application data and the DOM. There are two types of data binding:

Before a view is displayed, Angular evaluates the directives and resolves the binding syntax in the template to modify the HTML elements and the DOM, according to your program data and logic. Angular supports two-way data binding , meaning that changes in the DOM, such as user choices, are also reflected in your program data.

Your templates can use pipes to improve the user experience by transforming values for display. For example, use pipes to display dates and currency values that are appropriate for a user's locale. Angular provides predefined pipes for common transformations, and you can also define your own pipes.

Services and dependency injection link

For data or logic that isn't associated with a specific view, and that you want to share across components, you create a service class. A service class definition is immediately preceded by the @Injectable() decorator. The decorator provides the metadata that allows other providers to be injected as dependencies into your class.

Dependency injection (DI) lets you keep your component classes lean and efficient. They don't fetch data from the server, validate user input, or log directly to the console; they delegate such tasks to services.

Routing link

The Angular Router NgModule provides a service that lets you define a navigation path among the different application states and view hierarchies in your application. It is modeled on the familiar browser navigation conventions:

• Enter a URL in the address bar and the browser navigates to a corresponding page
• Click links on the page and the browser navigates to a new page
• Click the browser's back and forward buttons and the browser navigates backward and forward through the history of pages you've seen

The router maps URL-like paths to views instead of pages. When a user performs an action, such as clicking a link, that would load a new page in the browser, the router intercepts the browser's behavior, and shows or hides view hierarchies.

If the router determines that the current application state requires particular functionality, and the module that defines it hasn't been loaded, the router can lazy-load the module on demand.

The router interprets a link URL according to your application's view navigation rules and data state. You can navigate to new views when the user clicks a button or selects from a drop box, or in response to some other stimulus from any source. The router logs activity in the browser's history, so the back and forward buttons work as well.

To define navigation rules, you associate navigation paths with your components. A path uses a URL-like syntax that integrates your program data, in much the same way that template syntax integrates your views with your program data. You can then apply program logic to choose which views to show or to hide, in response to user input and your own access rules.

What's next link

You've learned the basics about the main building blocks of an Angular application. The following diagram shows how these basic pieces are related.

• Together, a component and template define an Angular view
  • A decorator on a component class adds the metadata, including a pointer to the associated template
  • Directives and binding markup in a component's template modify views based on program data and logic
• The dependency injector provides services to a component, such as the router service that lets you define navigation among views

Each of these subjects is introduced in more detail in the following pages.

• Introduction to Modules
• Introduction to Components
  • Templates and views
  • Component metadata
  • Data binding
  • Directives
  • Pipes
• Introduction to services and dependency injection

When you're familiar with these fundamental building blocks, you can explore them in more detail in the documentation. To learn about more tools and techniques that are available to help you build and deploy Angular applications, see Next steps: tools and techniques.

Attribute binding link

Attribute binding in Angular helps you set values for attributes directly. With attribute binding, you can improve accessibility, style your application dynamically, and manage multiple CSS classes or styles simultaneously.

Prerequisites link

• Property Binding

Syntax link

Attribute binding syntax resembles property binding, but instead of an element property between brackets, you precede the name of the attribute with the prefix attr , followed by a dot. Then, you set the attribute value with an expression that resolves to a string.

      
        content_copy
      
      <p [attr.attribute-you-are-targeting]="expression"></p>
    

Binding ARIA attributes link

One of the primary use cases for attribute binding is to set ARIA attributes.

To bind to an ARIA attribute, type the following:

      
        content_copy
      
      <!-- create and set an aria attribute for assistive technology -->
<button type="button" [attr.aria-label]="actionName">{{actionName}} with Aria</button>
    

Binding to colspan link

Another common use case for attribute binding is with the colspan attribute in tables. Binding to the colspan attribute helps you to keep your tables programmatically dynamic. Depending on the amount of data that your application populates a table with, the number of columns that a row spans could change.

To use attribute binding with the <td> attribute colspan

1. Specify the colspan attribute by using the following syntax: [attr.colspan] .
2. Set [attr.colspan] equal to an expression.

In the following example, you bind the colspan attribute to the expression 1 + 1 .

      
        content_copy
      
      <!--  expression calculates colspan=2 -->
<tr><td [attr.colspan]="1 + 1">One-Two</td></tr>
    

This binding causes the <tr> to span two columns.

What’s next link

• Class & Style Binding

Attribute directives link

Change the appearance or behavior of DOM elements and Angular components with attribute directives.

Building an attribute directive link

This section walks you through creating a highlight directive that sets the background color of the host element to yellow.

1. To create a directive, use the CLI command ng generate directive .

         
           content_copy
         
         ng generate directive highlight
       

   The CLI creates src/app/highlight.directive.ts , a corresponding test file src/app/highlight.directive.spec.ts , and declares the directive class in the AppModule .

   The CLI generates the default src/app/highlight.directive.ts as follows:

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts

         
           content_copy
         
         import { Directive } from '@angular/core';
   
   @Directive({
     selector: '[appHighlight]'
   })
   export class HighlightDirective {
   
   }
       

   The @Directive() decorator's configuration property specifies the directive's CSS attribute selector, [appHighlight] .

2. Import ElementRef from @angular/core . ElementRef grants direct access to the host DOM element through its nativeElement property.

3. Add ElementRef in the directive's constructor() to inject a reference to the host DOM element, the element to which you apply appHighlight .

4. Add logic to the HighlightDirective class that sets the background to yellow.

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts

         
           content_copy
         
         import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';
   
   @Directive({
     selector: '[appHighlight]'
   })
   export class HighlightDirective {
       constructor(private el: ElementRef) {
          this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
       }
   }
       

      
        content_copy
      
      <p app:Highlight>This is invalid</p>
    

Applying an attribute directive link

1. To use the HighlightDirective , add a <p> element to the HTML template with the directive as an attribute.

   src/app/app.component.html

         
           content_copy
         
         <p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>
       

Angular creates an instance of the HighlightDirective class and injects a reference to the <p> element into the directive's constructor, which sets the <p> element's background style to yellow.

Handling user events link

This section shows you how to detect when a user mouses into or out of the element and to respond by setting or clearing the highlight color.

1. Import HostListener from '@angular/core'.

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts (imports)

         
           content_copy
         
         import { Directive, ElementRef, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
       

2. Add two event handlers that respond when the mouse enters or leaves, each with the @HostListener() decorator.

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts (mouse-methods)

         
           content_copy
         
         @HostListener('mouseenter') onMouseEnter() {
     this.highlight('yellow');
   }
   
   @HostListener('mouseleave') onMouseLeave() {
     this.highlight('');
   }
   
   private highlight(color: string) {
     this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = color;
   }
       

Subscribe to events of the DOM element that hosts an attribute directive, the <p> in this case, with the @HostListener() decorator.

The complete directive is as follows:

      
        content_copy
      
      @Directive({
  selector: '[appHighlight]'
})
export class HighlightDirective {

  constructor(private el: ElementRef) { }

  @HostListener('mouseenter') onMouseEnter() {
    this.highlight('yellow');
  }

  @HostListener('mouseleave') onMouseLeave() {
    this.highlight('');
  }

  private highlight(color: string) {
    this.el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = color;
  }

}
    

The background color appears when the pointer hovers over the paragraph element and disappears as the pointer moves out.

Passing values into an attribute directive link

This section walks you through setting the highlight color while applying the HighlightDirective .

1. In highlight.directive.ts , import Input from @angular/core .

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts (imports)

         
           content_copy
         
         import { Directive, ElementRef, HostListener, Input } from '@angular/core';
       

2. Add an appHighlight @Input() property.

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts

         
           content_copy
         
         @Input() appHighlight = '';
       

   The @Input() decorator adds metadata to the class that makes the directive's appHighlight property available for binding.

3. In app.component.ts , add a color property to the AppComponent .

   src/app/app.component.ts (class)

         
           content_copy
         
         export class AppComponent {
     color = 'yellow';
   }
       

4. To simultaneously apply the directive and the color, use property binding with the appHighlight directive selector, setting it equal to color .

   src/app/app.component.html (color)

         
           content_copy
         
         <p [appHighlight]="color">Highlight me!</p>
       

   The [appHighlight] attribute binding performs two tasks:

   • Applies the highlighting directive to the <p> element
   • Sets the directive's highlight color with a property binding

Setting the value with user input link

This section guides you through adding radio buttons to bind your color choice to the appHighlight directive.

1. Add markup to app.component.html for choosing a color as follows:

   src/app/app.component.html (v2)

         
           content_copy
         
         <h1>My First Attribute Directive</h1>
   
   <h2>Pick a highlight color</h2>
   <div>
     <input type="radio" name="colors" (click)="color='lightgreen'">Green
     <input type="radio" name="colors" (click)="color='yellow'">Yellow
     <input type="radio" name="colors" (click)="color='cyan'">Cyan
   </div>
   <p [appHighlight]="color">Highlight me!</p>
       

2. Revise the AppComponent.color so that it has no initial value.

   src/app/app.component.ts (class)

         
           content_copy
         
         export class AppComponent {
     color = '';
   }
       

3. In highlight.directive.ts , revise onMouseEnter method so that it first tries to highlight with appHighlight and falls back to red if appHighlight is undefined .

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts (mouse-enter)

         
           content_copy
         
         @HostListener('mouseenter') onMouseEnter() {
     this.highlight(this.appHighlight || 'red');
   }
       

4. Serve your application to verify that the user can choose the color with the radio buttons.

   

Binding to a second property link

This section guides you through configuring your application so the developer can set the default color.

1. Add a second Input() property to HighlightDirective called defaultColor .

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts (defaultColor)

         
           content_copy
         
         @Input() defaultColor = '';
       

2. Revise the directive's onMouseEnter so that it first tries to highlight with the appHighlight , then with the defaultColor , and falls back to red if both properties are undefined .

   src/app/highlight.directive.ts (mouse-enter)

         
           content_copy
         
         @HostListener('mouseenter') onMouseEnter() {
     this.highlight(this.appHighlight || this.defaultColor || 'red');
   }
       

3. To bind to the AppComponent.color and fall back to "violet" as the default color, add the following HTML. In this case, the defaultColor binding doesn't use square brackets, [] , because it is static.

   src/app/app.component.html (defaultColor)

         
           content_copy
         
         <p [appHighlight]="color" defaultColor="violet">
     Highlight me too!
   </p>
       

   As with components, you can add multiple directive property bindings to a host element.

The default color is red if there is no default color binding. When the user chooses a color the selected color becomes the active highlight color.

Deactivating Angular processing with NgNonBindable link

To prevent expression evaluation in the browser, add ngNonBindable to the host element. ngNonBindable deactivates interpolation, directives, and binding in templates.

In the following example, the expression {{ 1 + 1 }} renders just as it does in your code editor, and does not display 2 .

      
        content_copy
      
      <p>Use ngNonBindable to stop evaluation.</p>
<p ngNonBindable>This should not evaluate: {{ 1 + 1 }}</p>
    

Applying ngNonBindable to an element stops binding for that element's child elements. However, ngNonBindable still lets directives work on the element where you apply ngNonBindable . In the following example, the appHighlight directive is still active but Angular does not evaluate the expression {{ 1 + 1 }} .

      
        content_copy
      
      <h3>ngNonBindable with a directive</h3>
<div ngNonBindable [appHighlight]="'yellow'">This should not evaluate: {{ 1 +1 }}, but will highlight yellow.
</div>
    

If you apply ngNonBindable to a parent element, Angular disables interpolation and binding of any sort, such as property binding or event binding, for the element's children.